Frequency shift diversity transmission system



Sept. 18, 1951 y H. o. PETERSON FREQUENCY SHIFT DIVERSITYERANSMISSION SYSTEM Filed May 17, 1947 v 3 Sheets-Sheeil 1 NK IIIIIV ATTORN EY Sept. 18, 1951 H. o. PETERSON 2,558,408

FREQUENCY SHIFT DIVERSIIY TRANSMISSION SYSTEM Filed May 17, 194'? 3 Sheets-Sheet 2 I ATTORN EY Sept. 18, 1951 H. O. PETERSON FREQUENCY SHIFT DIVERSITY TRANSMISSION SYSTEM Filed May 17, 1947 s sheets-shea :s

ATTORN EY Patented Sept. 18, 1951 l STATES?- PATENT oFFicE VHarold-Q Peterson, Riverhead, N. Y., assgnorto Radio. Computation of America, a corporation of'iDelaware.

@anatema 11.1947, sannio. v4.8.8,@

' 1` Claim. (Cl. 25.078)

space diyersitybecause thew'horizontalreceiving antenna has generallyhadjless locallpnoisxe induced init.' than the. Vertical. antenna Thus, when .the signal.: is. Selectedjzffom the verticali antendria,- more noise appears `in the receiverout- 1 mit.. Theresa@ als@ meer Situations Where. it iS not convenient to proyide two receivinglantennas.

comunicativas :between a. .Stiefel Statica. .and Ships. Qwetweena. landing 'fleldeedrlans An.- Ottier. example. is. .a system' Wherezcommueeaton iS te. be. Carried .Qn between e. large radioentral, Stationen@ Smaller outlying, Stations lathes@ Situatiensit, is not practicable to have high Power or. elaborate equipment at.. one endet th Circuit aridzuettheother en d Qftheciruitmay have high sewer. and other devices. which. improve the circuit reliahiity; Thus .the .share Statfri, Q1.' vthe radio. Qentraimay use vdiversity reeeptien While the ship. 911th@ s rrlalglerA Outlyinestation, may re-v caire, with. only. me antenna and a relatirely Simple receiver In the @eee i aircraft Weight is. a .further limitation on the ins,tallation` of elaborate diversity receiversystems.A

-;In ftl' 1is, kind oil-a cgmrnunication system, the snare station or radio central-snoulduse high power, say-on *the order of-several tens orhundreds efekilowatts eiiective,l counting -theiantenna gain. It i'swalso desirable to make useofsome form ofv ydiversity *princi-piel at the-transmitten In Vthe past, some telegraph#transmitters have beentone modulated for. this vpurpose so that theyI radiatesi-mul-tarieousf1yv lseveral-iside band-'irequencies'spaced on the order ofi 800 'kilofcycles apart; *'-Phi'sisaorm-offrequency diversity andl its; effectiyeness'depends mainly-'on lthe path length differences that are present in the transmission mediumat @given-time. rIhisli-nethodA also-uses a considerable bandwidth of irequer-icy` spectrum and-is not-convenient to apply in the case crflrequencyshiftltelegraphy. y

'Theprima-ry object ofmy-inyentiornvis to provide ,space diversityl or aj combination of -space andifreqrency diversity lthe transmssien systemf a communie.. .1911; system Then@ simple- `Fiigf. 4 isrusedrfor the receptionof4 transmiss 25 the` characteristic `of the `Wave generated, fby..

330 aparte-horizontally, are connected `to two trans mitters, C- and D whichradiate :tnesameumese 50 about FI lbyu- .450'cyclesandabout `FI'v +1.09 yv` -`7" i450 cycles. Thejreceiverforsuch a wav ner, all included witheother necessary .cierne f'f known in the prior art inunit l0. In.th is-.un it,

antennaandfreceiversystem will be eiectivelfor.

use at the receiving station. This is oi-considr-fVv erable adyantagewhere the communicationsysfv tems terminal is, `as :stated above; on aship. or.:

5 on an airplane or at an outlying station.

In describing my invention in detail, refer-1' encewill be madefto the attacheddrawing Wl'ilere.:Y Fig. 1 illustrates diagrammatically, a.. diversity. transmitter,` arrangedA in accordance. Withinfiy.:inf-

V10r vention. In this embodiment, the antennasiandg lfrequencies. are spaced to .reduce fadingatth.,

receiver. This 'diversity transmitter isfil-lustitatedj more in detail in Fig. 2.

Fig. V'.Sillustrates 'by vector, curve. and diagram,

the character ofwthe transmission from the transf. Amitter of Fig. `1 and also illustrates schematically.Y

a receiver arranged to respond `tothe-said'trans-,1 mission. 1

Fig. 4 illustrates `diagrammatically.afmodificaff tion of the receiver of Fig. 3, andtheyreceiyer fi from the transmitter-of Figs. 1 and 2-yyjgrel` A modeof operation is `modified-as descrih ,dpne' e1.' inafter. Fig. 4 also illustratesrby.uectorendcurv I. he.` transmitter ofiiFigs 1 and Z'When the inode of.- operation ismodied. f w

-Inthe embodiment o f Fig. Ltwc. aerial systems A andfB preferably spaced 1,000l feet or re..

sage on .carriers of two` vdifferent Wavelength y For exampletransmitter Q andantenna A mighthave. a carrier ,frequency-.ot 12,444,40,0cyc1es and.

transmitter D and aerial Bfmightfoperate at 124413500 lCycles.

Bothv transmitters are keyed in accordance Vwith; a message-to .be transmitted by-operationof keyUK". The snowing in Eig., 1 has beenwsimplitied but tl-1e embodiment illust 40 tratedf here has been shownin detail in .\Ei g.2. `'lhe. key Kmay turn tnetwo transmitted .freequencies on and off but preerablyshiftstlie fr duenciesr thereof: between two frequencies Lrepre:` Santing mark and space respectively. For exe.

ample, the key K might-shift: thequnf Q'? the carrier4 FI- by :1:450fcycles per-secinid,- and theffrequencylFi cycles by-a like .aniouimint.A Then, la Wavefwould be-transrnittedas illustr ,edu

in Fig. 3, thefrequency of AWin11 Would'sli t;

include an anenna I.AB coupled to a rad fre-' quency amplier,rst oscillator, afrequency con-7:,

verter and 1a firstintermediate-frequencyvam 3h0L The selective circuits inunit If are arranged1110:1

pass uniformly the necessary band of frequencies. For example, the unit I includes selective circuits passing a band of frequencies between 449 `and 452 kc. This band is greater than the band covered by the carrier and side bands described above where on carrier is 100 cycles in frequency above the other and both carriers are shifted in frequency i450 cycles.

The output of the radio frequency amplifier and first intermediate frequency amplifier in unit I0 is fed to a second intermediate frequency amplifier system in unit I2. This apparatus includes a second oscillator, second frequency converter and second IF amplifier with selective circuits suflicient to lpass a band of frequencies including the carriers and side bands described hereinbefore. The second oscillator might have a frequency of about 400 kilocycles, in which case the second intermediate frequency output of unit I2 falls in a band between 49 and 52 kc. Automatic gain control connections are used as illustrated diagrammatically in the figure by the connection labeled A. G. C. between the units I0 and I2. Unit I2 then includes a rectiler with a load impedance and a filter capacitor to supply the gain control potential. The second intermediate frequency currents, shifted in frequency -by the signals, are fed to a third unit I4 wherein current amplitude limiting takes place. This limiter again has a band pass characteristic as illustrated in the said rectangle and selective coupling circuits such as to pass the two carriers and their side bands uniformly to the band pass filter circuits in units I6 and I8. These band pass filters pass the mark and space frequencies respectively. In the example given, the filter I6 is to have a mean band pass characteristic at 50 kc. Aper second and have a band width of about 800 cycles. The band pass filter I8 is to have the same characteristics except that the mean frequency of its pass band is to be at say 51 kc.

The keyed intermediate frequency energies passed by band pass filters I 6 and I8 are supplied to the detectors 20 and 22 wherein the sig-I nals are demodulated. The detectors in 20 and 22 have their outputs connected with load resistors 24 and 26. The load resistors are connected in such a manner that the differential of the detector outputs is supplied to the filter circuit 30 and thence to a recording apparatus directly or by way of a tone keyer, trigger circuit or amplifier.

The circuits in I0, I2 and I4 have not been described in detail herein because circuits and apparatus appropriate for use in these units is known in the art. For example, the circuits and apparatus as disclosed in U. S. application Serial #632,978 filed December 5, 1945, may be used here. Said application has ripened into Patent No. 2,515,668, July 18, 1950.

The detectors in 20 and 22 may be substantially conventional. The purpose of these detectors is to demodulate intermediate frequency waves which are turned on and off even though the transmission be of the frequency shift type. This is because the marking characteristics and the spacing characteristics never appear simultaneously but appear alternatively. For example, when mark is in the band pass filter I 8, .band pass filter I6 is getting no signal and when space, for example, is in band pass filter I6, no signal is flowing in the filter I 8. The mark pulses of I. F. are then passed direct to detector 22 and when present, produce a voltage drop in load resistor 26, which is polarized as marked on the drawings. When space is present, in the input 4 to detector 20, rectification of the pulses of IF carrier in 20 takes place to produce across the load resistor 24, a potential which is polarized as shown on the drawings. The resistors 24 and 26 are coupled in an opposed sense (note that the developed voltages are alternative) and one end of resistor 24 is grounded so that at the right end of resistor 26 is developed a potential which swings plus when detector 22 supplies the output and through zero to a minus value when detector 28 supplies the output. A low pass filter 30 may be included in the output circuit to suppress any cycle or higher components appearing in the outputs of detectors 28 and 22.

A diversity transmitter arranged in accordance with my invention is shown more in detail in Fig. 2 of the drawings. This transmitter is to generate a Wave as illustrated at the top of Fig. 3 wherein a carrier is to be shifted between two frequencies FS representing space" and FM representing mark and a second carrier is to be shifted between two frequencies FS|100 representing space and FM4-100 representing mark Two sources of oscillations 40 and 40 slightly different in frequency but of constant frequency, supply output to two converters 42 and 42 which are also excited by oscillatoryA energy of fixed frequency developed in a coupling amplifier stage 4I. This oscillatory energy in 4I of fixed frequency may be derived from a fixed source of oscillatory energy at 43. The oscillator 43 may be of the crystal controlled or other stabilized type and oscillatory energy from.

this source 43 may be fed to a frequency divider in unit 45 and from the divider in unit 45 to an amplifier and coupling stagel in unit 41 and also toan additional frequency divider 49 which supplies the oscillations of divided frequency to coupling or amplifying stage 4I. The sum frequency may be taken from the output of the converters 42 and 42' and fed to second converters 46 and 46 which are also supplied with oscillations for mixing purposes from the coupling or amplifying stage 41. The outputs of mixers 46 and 46', say the upper side bands, are fed to third converters 48 and 48 coupled with the fixed frequency source of oscillations 43. Again the upper side bands are selected from the outputs of 48 and 48' and fed to additional converters 58 and 50 wherein these oscillations are mixed with oscillations from a frequency multiplier 5I coupled with the fixed frequency source 43. This multiplier 5I develops energy of the multiple frequency and feeds the same to a coupling and/or amplifying stage 53 which in turn feeds the energy of fixed and multiplied frequency to the converters 50 and 50'. The upper side bands at the outputs of these converters are selected and fed to final converter stages 52 and 52.. These converters are also excited by frequency shifted oscillatory energy of fixed frequency from source 55. Source 55, for example, may include a crystal controlled oscillator and an oscillator, say of less frequency, which is keyed, as indicated at 51, in frequency in accordance with a signal and is used to beat with energy from the crystal oscillator 55 to supply a sum frequency output which is correspondingly shifted in frequency. On the other hand, a simple crystal oscillator, the frequency of which is shifted by keying, may be used in 55. In any event, the oscillations of shifted frequency are supplied to the converters 52 and 52', and a side band selected for multiplication in units 56 and 56. In the example given, the upper side band is selected. The

gusanos:

frequency shifted 1 oscillator `energies -a're multiplied iii-.units 56 and 56 andfed to amplifier-.5Bl

arrd58f andzthence to' the.twovantennasfn'cand Erm-fior; radiation. Whenfrequency shittedeptclegiaphy fisfused, the keyingsfxdone at;5 ,1y-as describedhereinbefore. YIf:oni-offtelegmpimkeying-,fisto beusedthen the frequency of .the 'Wave energy; at f55may be left constant-,sand the-amplifiersV 58f`andz258 maybe keyed-on: and :off y"by, a keyfconnected as shown atlzl.. .For example-,fthe keyffatfll :might operate a relayn the ybias-circuit i of;y thezipower amplifier so. as to 1 out, the transmitterzofdwhen open andztoiturn tne'transmittereonwwhen. thekeyis closcds.'

`rLilieoscillatory sources, theconvertersthe fre.- quency-,muitipliers and so. forth; used hereirnay fb'e conventional, except whererfotlierwise described above, .andhave been. shownras` 1 rectangles. .for sake. .of 'simplicityH .and olea-mess. To carry througlfithe .f example. of. frequencies whichzm-ay bef used,r Agiven hereinbeforef-,i therA source. T40 imay have a frequency of. 100 cycles `and the source 40', a frequency of A125 cycles per second. Then the source 43 may be o-fQ1-'003kilocycleswhich,

when Kdividedby 10 i-n' unitf45iand 10 inunit A449, supplies energy of 1 kc. at 4| and of 10 kc. at 41 so that the upper side band out of unit 42 is at 1100 cycles per second, the upper side band out of unit 42 at 1125 cycles per second and the upper side band out of units 46 and 46' at 11,100 and 11,125 cycles per second respectively. The upper side bands out of units 48 and 48' are of 111,100 and 111,125 cycles per second respectively and the upper side bands out of units 50 and 50 are 1,111,100 and 1,111,125 cycles per second respectively, if unit I multiplies by a factor 10. The upper side bands out of units 52 and 52 are 3,111,100 and 3,111,125 cycles per second respectively, if the rest frequency of oscillator 55 is 2000 kilocycles; and when multiplied by factors of say 4 in units 56 and 56', the wave outputs from antennas 60 and 60 are 12,444,400 and 12,444,500 cycles per second respectively. Note that energy is radiated on space at 2 frequencies, separated by 100 cycles and energy is radiated on mark at 2 frequencies, separated by 100 cycles and further, that mark and space frequencies may be separated by say a total of 900 cycles as explained hereinbefore.

Where desired, the/two frequencies transmitted by the system of Fig. 2 may be separated by more than 100 cycles per second. For example, a frequency separation of 2,000 cycles may be used. Then a receiver as illustrated in Fig. 4 is used to receive the transmitted wave. Such a transmitted wave is represented graphically at the top of Fig. 4. The frequencies Fl and Fbi-2,000 are each shifted in accordance with signals between space and mark frequencies which may, as in the example given, be shifted i450 cycles or a total shift of 900 cycles per second. The mark and space frequencies of each of the transmitted carriers are picked up by the antenna AB and fed to a unit l0 as in Fig. 3. The rst intermediate frequency energy at the output of unit l0 goes to a unit i2 similar to the correspondingly numbered unit of Fig. 3. Here the band pass characteristic is about as in Fig. 3 and is wide enough to include a band starting below 450 and extending above 452 kilocycles per second. The second heterodyning process is carried out in unit l2 by beating the output of unit i0 with energy of a frequency such that the current amplitude limiter I4 is supplied by carriers roughly of the order of 50 and 52 kc. per second 6;; respectively :whichiin turn are keyed: inaccordance rwith; the rsignals. The `circuits this sec-l ond 'intermediate amplifier select this output'andlare of -fa characteristic -such that the respective?. carriers=-and their `side rbands essential forfsig'- nal reproduction arepassed uniformly.

Y"Intliiis embodiment, markand space frequen-` oiesiaie selected 1-in filters i6 'and I-8-`andfl6and* I8 Which-may be similarin many repects to the corresponding filters `of Fig: 3.` Filters mandE I'Spass markifrequencies -Whilst filters l'and' The -markv' frequency currents are rectified by rectiiiers 22 and 2 2 with? IS- pass spaceefreqnencies.

outputsv connected in parallel across load-resistorr 2 6 whil'stjthe space'Y frequency currents. are rectified by rectifiers 20Land 20" connected ineparallel across load'resistor 24. Thus when either the .50. .onthe 5.2 vkc...brai:ich is passing a mar frequency, a potential is generated across resistor 26 and..when either. of said branches is passing a space frequency la potential is gen-- erate'd vacrossl resistor-$2 4'. Resistors -2 4 andv 2f61are connected differentially in series sothatthe overal1 potential on mark is polarized opposite from What it is on space Thus in Fig. 4, the grid of tube 33 is driven more negative on mark and more positive on space The use of a frequency separation on the order of 2,000 cycles instead of cycles is particularly desirable when the circuit is to be operated at a high speed of keying. The arrangement using a separation of about 100 cycles between the frequencies radiated by the two spaced antennas is satisfactory for telegraph speeds on the order of 60 words per minute, whilst the arrangement with a separation of about 2,000 cycles as shown in Fig. 4 is satisfactory at speeds up to about 240 words per minute. The arrangement with the 100 cycle separation needs a low pass filter with a cut-off frequency below 100 cycles to remove the 100 cycle beat between the two simultaneously radiated frequencies, which in turn, limits the keying speed. With the large separation, on the order of 2,000 cycles, the cut-off frequency of the low pass filter can be made muchhigher, thus allowing for higher keying speeds.

To transmit a wave of this nature, I may use the system in Fig. 2. In the example taken, to provide at the output a 2,000 cycle spread between Fl and the other carrier FI-|-2,000, the source 40 may be operating at 600 cycles per second instead of l cycles per second. Then with no other change in the frequencies of the various sources and in the multiplication and division factors, the carriers at theantenna 60 will be equal to 12,444,400 cycles per second while the carrier at antenna 60 will be equal to 12,446,400.

Whilst the circuits shown herein are designed to handle frequency shift signals primarily, it is obvious the same benets of spaced antenna diversity can be obtained with on/oif keying. In the case of on/off keying essentially the same receivers as are now used for on/oif keyed signals can be used.

What is claimed is:

A diversity transmitting system comprising a pair of transmitting antennas spaced apart horizontally a distance substantially equal to many hundreds of feet or more, a generator of oscillatory energy of a first high frequency coupled to and continuously feeding wave to one of said antennas, a second generator of oscillatory energy of a second high frequency simultaneously and continuously feeding waves to the second of 75 said antennas, said first and second frequencies 7 differing by an audible tone frequency which frequency is less than that required for satisfactory frequency diversity reception, frequency shifting apparatus for shifting the frequency of the Wave fed to each antenna from its corresponding generator an amount within the audible range, said frequency shifting apparatus operating to shift the frequencies of said Waves in unison and in accordance with telegraphic marking and spacing signals, whereby said antennas radiate simultaneously a first pair of waves differing from each other by said tone frequency to represent a mark and alternatively a second pair of Waves differing from each other by said tone frequency and also differing in frequency from the respective frequencies of said first pair of waves by said amount within the audible range, to represent a space.

HAROLD O. PETERSON.

REFERENCES CITED UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Number Name Date Horton Sept. 6, 1927 Hansell May 5, 1931 Meissner May 19, 1931 De Saivre May 3, 1932 Osnos June 27, 1933 Beverage Jan. 15, 1935 Beverage Jan. 28, 1936 Beverage Jan. 12, 1937 Hansell Dec. 28, 1937 Finch May 31, 1938 A1ford May 23, 1939 Peterson Aug. 26, 1941 Tuniek May 5, 1942 Carlson Sept. 19, 1944 Hollingsworth Aug. 21, 1945 Davey Sept. 11, 1945 Carlson Dec. 31, 1946 Born Aug. 26, 1947 Usselman Feb. 8, 1949 FOREIGN PATENTS Country Date Great Britain Mar. 28, 1929.y 

